Other signaling Pathways
Proteoglycans & Glycobiology Products
Glycobiology is the study of the structure and function of sugar chains covalently attached to proteins and lipids. Vertebrate cell plasma membranes are riddled with integral membrane proteins most of which are glycosylated. For example, glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates covalently attached to asparagine or serine/threonine residues and such sugar attachments (either N-linked or O-linked, respectively) can contribute significantly to the mass of the functional protein and perform critical biological functions in protein trafficking, immune recognition, inflammation, and other processes. A subclass of glycoproteins called proteoglycans are covalently linked to sulfated glycosaminoglycans and includes such widely distributed proteins as chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and keratan sulfate. Proteoglycans interact with important growth factors, ECM proteins, extracellular enzymes, some pathogens, and can also regulate growth, development and tissue structure. The other critical group, glycolipids, are also ubiquitous components of vertebrate cell plasma membranes and consist of sugars (oligosaccharides) bound to a lipid (inositol, sphingosine, or ceramide) moiety. They function as receptors for microorganisms and their toxins, organize cellular attachment to matrices, and modulate cell growth and differentiation. Changes in glycosylation occur in a large number of diverse systemic diseases including cardiovascular, endocrine and neurological diseases and cancer. Millipore has a large selection of reagents for glycobiology research.
Confocal microgrpah of antibody (Millipore cat.no A82052) binding to cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. | |
Mouse anti-Phosphocan (Millip0ore cat. no. MA85210) staining of adult rat hippocampus. Photo shows dentate gyrus. |
| Neural Tube | Limb Bud | Aggrecan Staining of Embryonic Mouse Neural Tube and Limb Bud: C indicates cartilage. Note that anti-aggrecan (Millipore cat. no. AB1031) stains cartilage in both limb bud and near neural tube as wel as neural tube itself. |
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